2009年2月20日 星期五

What a teacher needs

羅素談到教學法,他說教學法的創新需要天分;但是運用這些教學法的教師不需要特別的天分,"They require only the right sort of training, together with a degree of sympathy and patience which is by no means unusual."(p.31)各位認為'right sort of training'是容易做到的嗎?'sympathy & patience'是尋常的德行嗎?

究竟一位好老師,或者說適合當老師的人,應該具備什麼特質?我想到以前看過一份1945年英國教育部徵求教師的傳單,抄在這裡給大家參考


Teaching as a Career
A 1945 leaflet, Ministry of Education, UK

Teaching is an exciting profession and though it can and does afford a happy and satisfying life to those who are well equipped for it by disposition and attainments, it is a misery for those who choose it and find that they have missed their vocation. This warning is necessary in the interest of the children in the schools as well as in the interests of those who are weighing the question of becoming teachers.

On the other hand it would be foolish to regard teaching as some ‘mystery’ profession which only the very elect should pursue. There is no ideal teacher and there is no list of select gifts which every teacher must possess. For instance, it is no doubt desirable for a teacher to be patient; but this does not mean that no impatient person ever became a good teacher. One thing however must be emphasised. The chief characteristic of all children and young people is that they are growing; growing in body, mind and spirit; and any adult who does not possess, and cannot acquire an understanding of this characteristic and an appreciation of what it means in the daily life of a school had certainly better give up the idea of teaching. Again, those to whom little children are, and are likely always to be, a perpetual exasperation should not dream of teaching them.

Every child should have a good general education, and in particular be able to read, write, speak, and listen to his language intelligently. A teacher must be an educated person. But this does not mean that he should necessarily have amassed a great amount of knowledge, though obviously he cannot teach what he does not understand. The hall-mark of a good teacher is that he is himself always learning and always developing his knowledge and understanding of children and young people. In short a teacher should be a person who because of his attitude to knowledge, to ideas, to his fellows and to life generally is better educated today than he was yesterday and will tomorrow be better educated than he is today.


我覺得第2段所說的,正是'sympathy & patience';然而我也看到不少"it is a misery for those who choose it and find that they have missed their vocation.",只是為了一份安穩的工作而勉強自己繼續下去。最後一句話,"better educated today than he was yesterday and will tomorrow be better educated than he is today",就是我們經常說的「日新又新」;學校是求知的場所,不能只要求學生'better educated',老師自己卻不進步。

又想到教育部前一陣子的推動閱讀計畫,免不了得訂定指標,其中一項要求學生每年至少閱讀30本書;卻沒規定老師得讀多少本書,擺明了欺負弱勢者。學校閱讀風氣不盛,大家可以找出很多原因;我想這件事若真的這麼重要,就得從大人開始做起。如果大人常讀書,在和孩子互動之中,不經意就會分享從閱讀中得到的樂趣/知識,學生自然就會被吸引來讀書了,不必訂定什麼量化指標,進行形式化的檢核。

2009年2月18日 星期三

The Rape of the Lock

羅素在討論狹義的裝飾性(ornamental)教育時,引用一首詩"The Rape of the Lock"其中的一句來描述一個人(p.21)
of amber snuff-box justly vain,
And the nice conduct of a clouded cane.
這首詩是18世紀英國詩人Alexander Pope寫的嘲諷詩。看不懂'a clouded cane'是指什麼,在網路上查到的註解,是「深色木紋的手仗」;不很確切了解這是什麼樣的人,大約是浮華、裝腔作勢的繡花枕頭之類吧。

Hogarth's Gin Lane

羅素在p.21提到,過去貴族階級才負擔得起的裝飾性教育,代價高昂,
"Hogarth's Gin Lane gives a vivid idea of the price that was paid for them."

查了Wikipedia,羅素所說的Gin Lane是英國畫家William Hogarth在1751年所作的2幅畫Beer StreetGin Lane,其中的一幅。兩幅畫分別代表富裕與貧窮、美德與墮落、健康與病態的對比;然而,前者的富裕繁榮卻是建築在後者的貧窮悲慘之上。

2009年2月13日 星期五

2009/1/19第1次讀書會

先跟大家道歉,1/19的事到今天才po上網。


這次的範圍是Introduction,pp 9-12。

一開始,羅素先闡明為什麼要改革教育,為何獨善其身(有辦法的人自尋出路)行不通。

其次,教育改革需要energetic educational propaganda(p.10),就像羅素所做的─著書立說;而且其效果要很長的時間才會顯現。

教育改革必定會涉及政治與哲學。

"The education we desire for our children must depend upon our ideals of human character, and our hopes as to the part they are to play in the community."(p.10) 換句話說,教育的目的就是探討 "the kind of individuals, and the kind of community, that we may reasonably hope to see produced by education applied to raw material of the present quality."(p.11)這涉及個人對於理想社會的想法(世界觀、意識型態、哲學等等,隨你喜歡怎麼說),社會上一定有多種不同的想法。哪一種教育理念得到採納,就涉及到政治。

(教育工作者是否必須具備某種教育理想,或者只是一份工作?Paulo Freire 說"I can't respect the teacher who doesn't dream of a certain kind of society that he would like to live in, and would like the new generation to live in. [Educators should pursue] a dream of a society less ugly than those we have today. ")

一個基本的教育理念之爭:教育是要灌輸確定的信仰(社會傳承),還是培養獨立思考能力?(p.10)

科學知識(尤其是心理學)對於教育的重要性─促進了我們對於兒童的了解,以及教學法的進步。(pp.10-11)生命最初5年在教育上的重要性,父母的重要性。

羅素由自身的育兒經驗出發,以協助為人父母者面對教育子女的困惑,其論證的切身性。若父母缺乏認識,會成為好老師的阻力。(p.11 )

本書的大綱,先論教育的目的。其次品格教育,著重在幼年時期。最後是知識(智能)教育。pp.11-12
本書只談到大學為止的教育;但是To make men and women capable of learning from experience should be one of the aims which early education should keep most prominently in view. (p.12)─應該在早期教育奠定終身學習的基礎。

2009年2月6日 星期五

2009/2/5第二次讀書會內容摘要

羅素《教育論》
範圍:Chapter 1, p. 15-27
主題: 教育中應該傳授的學問 On the sort of knowledge to be imparted
日期: 2009/2/5

1. 洛克(Locke) 和盧梭(Rousseau): 十九世紀前最偉大的教育理論改革家
(a) 優點: 改正以往錯誤概念

(b) 缺點: 只考慮擁有優勢的兒童

-->但是若有能力的家長,仍須盡量給孩子最好的教育

2. 教育的「民主」以不執著機械性的統一、不影響人類進步為原則

3. 現在教育的趨勢:注重實用(useful)不注重裝飾性(ornamental)

(a) 相關問題: 男女教育差別

(1)羅素認為不該追求教育上的性別平等,因男女目標不同

(2)此篇研究只侷限於男性的教育

(b) 實用(即科學)與裝飾性(即古典藝術)的爭論,羅素認為並不存在,首先 是實用與裝飾性的解釋問題e.g., 狹義的實用解釋: 能夠產生好的結果的才算實用,而非產生實用的結果。況且這種實用只注意生理層面。

(c) 一些裝飾的屬於心理層面的資產(mental possessions)本身就是好的。

(d) 爭論:我們的目的是要給實用的,還是裝飾的?

4. 實用性教育的爭論

(a) 由此而生的三個議題

(1) 貴族與民主:支持民主的人士希望能讓貴族有實用知識,藍領階級有裝飾性知識,但並沒有指出比例。

(2) 物質享受和精神提升:羅素認為,現在的社會已經能讓人們衣食無缺,所以不需煩惱這個問題。但是無論如何,精神層面的知識都不能被犧牲

(3) 只有不實用的知識才有益心靈?只有益心靈的知識才不實用?

-->從自身學拉丁文的例子講起,羅素認為教育還是需要人文的培養,但是內容必須簡化,不能影響科學及其他有用知識的發展。

(b) 建議:如果某科目的學習上需要困難的技能的話,這個科目最好是實用性的(專為某些特殊科目訓練者除外)。

(c)教育的後期應該限定於困難的數學及科學等科目。